Lead is a heavy, malleable metal with excellent corrosion resistance, high density, and a low melting point, making it one of the most widely used non-ferrous metals in industrial applications. It is primarily extracted from galena (PbS) through a combination of crushing, flotation, and smelting. A significant portion of global lead supply also comes from secondary production, especially through the recycling of used lead-acid batteries, making lead one of the most successfully recycled metals worldwide.

Its main application is in the battery industry, particularly for lead-acid batteries used in vehicles, backup power systems, and renewable energy storage. Lead is also utilized in radiation shielding for medical and nuclear facilities, in ammunition, cable sheathing, and in various metal alloys and solders to enhance mechanical properties.

While its use is increasingly regulated due to environmental and health concerns, lead remains a critical material in global industry thanks to its recyclability and essential role in energy and infrastructure sectors.